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This document assumes that you have read the appropriate overview documentation for FreeBSD, NetBSD, or OpenBSD. In addition, the FreeBSD tuning manual page contains lots of wisdom, especially regarding sysctl options.
Like other OS's, the listen queue is often the first limit hit. The following are comments from "Aaron Gifford <agifford@InfoWest.COM>" on how to fix this on BSDI 1.x, 2.x, and FreeBSD 2.0 (and earlier):
Edit the following two files:
/usr/include/sys/socket.h
/usr/src/sys/sys/socket.h
In each file, look for the following:
/*
* Maximum queue length specifiable by listen.
*/
#define SOMAXCONN 5
Just change the "5" to whatever appears to work. I bumped the
two machines I was having problems with up to 32 and haven't
noticed the problem since.
After the edit, recompile the kernel and recompile the Apache server then reboot.
FreeBSD 2.1 seems to be perfectly happy, with SOMAXCONN set to 32 already.
Addendum for
very heavily loaded BSD servers
from Chuck Murcko <chuck@telebase.com>
If you're running a really busy BSD Apache server, the following are useful things to do if the system is acting sluggish:
maxusers 256Maxusers drives a lot of other kernel parameters:
# Network options. NMBCLUSTERS defines the number of mbuf clusters and # defaults to 256. This machine is a server that handles lots of traffic, # so we crank that value. options NMBCLUSTERS=4096 # mbuf clusters at 4096 # # Misc. options # options CHILD_MAX=512 # maximum number of child processes options OPEN_MAX=512 # maximum fds (breaks RPC svcs)
In many cases, NMBCLUSTERS must be set much larger than would appear necessary at first glance. The reason for this is that if the browser disconnects in mid-transfer, the socket fd associated with that particular connection ends up in the TIME_WAIT state for several minutes, during which time its mbufs are not yet freed. Another reason is that, on server timeouts, some connections end up in FIN_WAIT_2 state forever, because this state doesn't time out on the server, and the browser never sent a final FIN. For more details see the FIN_WAIT_2 page.
Some more info on mbuf clusters (from sys/mbuf.h):
/* * Mbufs are of a single size, MSIZE (machine/machparam.h), which * includes overhead. An mbuf may add a single "mbuf cluster" of size * MCLBYTES (also in machine/machparam.h), which has no additional overhead * and is used instead of the internal data area; this is done when * at least MINCLSIZE of data must be stored. */
CHILD_MAX and OPEN_MAX are set to allow up to 512 child processes (different than the maximum value for processes per user ID) and file descriptors. These values may change for your particular configuration (a higher OPEN_MAX value if you've got modules or CGI scripts opening lots of connections or files). If you've got a lot of other activity besides httpd on the same machine, you'll have to set NPROC higher still. In this example, the NPROC value derived from maxusers proved sufficient for our load.
To increase the size of the listen() queue, you
need to adjust the value of SOMAXCONN. SOMAXCONN is not derived
from maxusers, so you'll always need to increase that yourself.
We use a value guaranteed to be larger than Apache's default
for the listen() of 128, currently. The actual value for
SOMAXCONN is set in sys/socket.h. The best way to
adjust this parameter is run-time, rather than changing it in
this header file and thus hardcoding a value in the kernel and
elsewhere. To do this, edit /etc/rc.local and add
the following line:
/usr/sbin/sysctl -w kern.somaxconn=256
We used 256 but you can tune it for your own
setup. In many cases, however, even the default value of
128 (for later versions of FreeBSD) is OK.
Caveats
Be aware that your system may not boot with a kernel that is configured to use more resources than you have available system RAM. ALWAYS have a known bootable kernel available when tuning your system this way, and use the system tools beforehand to learn if you need to buy more memory before tuning.
RPC services will fail when the value of OPEN_MAX is larger than 256. This is a function of the original implementations of the RPC library, which used a byte value for holding file descriptors. BSDI has partially addressed this limit in its 2.1 release, but a real fix may well await the redesign of RPC itself.
Finally, there's the hard limit of child processes configured in Apache.
For versions of Apache later than 1.0.5 you'll need to change the definition for HARD_SERVER_LIMIT in httpd.h and recompile if you need to run more than the default 150 instances of httpd.
From conf/httpd.conf-dist:
# Limit on total number of servers running, i.e., limit on the number # of clients who can simultaneously connect --- if this limit is ever # reached, clients will be LOCKED OUT, so it should NOT BE SET TOO LOW. # It is intended mainly as a brake to keep a runaway server from taking # Unix with it as it spirals down... MaxClients 150Know what you're doing if you bump this value up, and make sure you've done your system monitoring, RAM expansion, and kernel tuning beforehand. Then you're ready to service some serious hits!
Thanks to Tony Sanders and Chris Torek at BSDI for their helpful suggestions and information.
"M. Teterin" <mi@ALDAN.ziplink.net> writes:
It really does help if your kernel and frequently used utilities are fully optimized. Rebuilding the FreeBSD kernel on an AMD-133 (486-class CPU) web-server with
-m486 -fexpensive-optimizations -fomit-frame-pointer -O2
helped reduce the number of "unable" errors, because the CPU was often maxed out.
Versions of FreeBSD from August 2000 onwards include a feature called "accept filters" which delay the return from accept() until a condition has been met, e.g. an HTTP request has arrived. This postpones the requirement for a child process to handle the new connection which therefore increases the number of connections that a given number of child processes can handle. It also allows a child process to accomplish more immediately after accept() returns (because the request is already available to be read) so there is less context switching.
Accept filters provide the most benefit on servers that are
already so busy that they are configured with "KeepAlive
Off". HTTP KeepAlive (aka
persistent connections) avoids the cost of setting up a new
connection for every request, but connections that are being
kept alive use up one of the available child processes. Since
there is a limited number of child processes this can
significantly reduce the capacity of the server. The viewers of
a web site will still get a lot of the benefit of persistent
connections even with a very small
KeepAliveTimeout so you should try reducing it
before turning it off altogether.
To enable accept filtering, you must either load the
appropriate accept filter module, e.g. with the command
kldload accf_http, or compile a kernel with
options ACCEPT_FILTER_HTTP. Apache will then
enable filtering when it is restarted.
Accept filters are compiled in if the symbol
SO_ACCEPTFILTER is defined on the machine on which
Apache is built. Additionally there is a directive AcceptFilter to switch
the filters on or off. The default is on; except when apache is
compiled with -D AP_ACCEPTFILTER_ON.
See the manual page accf_http(9) for more information.
